Teatro popular y duelo colectivo en Bojayá (Chocó-Colombia)

El valor del arte popular, particularmente del teatro, es relevante en los procesos de elaboración del duelo colectivo de comunidades afectadas por el conflicto armado colombiano, en especial los derivados de la masacre del 2002 en Bojayá. Lo primero que permite comprender es que las diversas manifestaciones de la violencia vividas en el territorio, en especial la masacre y el desplazamiento, tuvieron un impacto disruptivo que desestructuró profundamente la vida cotidiana, la identidad y el mundo de supuestos de los habitantes. En concreto, causó pérdidas múltiples de orden material y simbólico, cuyos duelos han sido muy complejos por las dinámicas de la guerra colombiana que impidieron los rituales funerarios tradicionales para despedir a sus más de ochenta muertos y fragmentó a la comunidad dispersándola en otros municipios.

The value of popular art, particularly theater, is relevant in the processes of elaboration of collective mourning of communities affected by the Colombian armed conflict, especially those derived from the 2002 massacre in Bojayá. The first idea to understand is that the various manifestations of violence experienced in the territory, especially the massacre and displacement, had a disruptive impact that profoundly deconstructed the daily life, identity, and the world of assumptions of the inhabitants. Specifically, it caused multiple losses of material and symbolic order, whose mourning has been very complex due to the dynamics of the Colombian war that prevented the traditional funeral rituals to say goodbye to the more than eighty dead and fragmented the community, by dispersing it in other municipalities.

Um encontro entre psicodrama e psicologia analítica: ritual e mitopoese / An encounter between psychodrama and analytical psychology: ritual and mythopoesis / Un encuentro entre psicodrama y psicología analítica: ritual y mitopoesis

RESUMO O encontro entre Jung e Moreno tem sido objeto de estudo de muitos psicodramatistas contemporâneos. Este artigo efetua uma revisão narrativa de propostas na interface entre psicodrama e psicologia analítica, no objetivo de elaborar uma proposta de aproximação. Foram encontrados autores nos seguintes países: Argentina, Brasil, Suíça, Espanha, Itália, Alemanha, França e Estados Unidos. Baseando-se nesta revisão, foram elaboradas duas categorias consideradas representativas do encontro entre Jung e Moreno: ritual e mitopoese. Propõe-se o símbolo como conceito central para um encontro entre psicodrama e psicologia analítica efetuado na experiência fenomenológica.

ABSTRACT The bridge between Jung and Moreno has been an object of study to many contemporary psychodramatists. This article performs a narrative review of proposals at the interface between psychodrama and analytical psychology with the objective of developing a proposal for bringing psychodrama and analytical psychology closer together. Authors were found in the following countries: Argentina, Brazil, Switzerland, Spain, Italy, Germany, France and the United States. Based on this review, two categories which were found to be representative of the bridge between Jung and Moreno were elaborated: ritual and mythopoesis. The symbol is proposed as a central concept for an encounter between psychodrama and analytical psychology carried out in phenomenological experience.

RESUMEN El encuentro entre Jung y Moreno ha sido objeto de estudio por muchos psicodramatistas contemporáneos. Este artículo realiza una revisión narrativa de proposiciones en la interfaz entre psicodrama y psicología analítica, con el fin de desarrollar una propuesta de aproximación. Se encontraron autores en los siguientes países: Argentina, Brasil, Suiza, España, Italia, Alemania, Francia y Estados Unidos. A partir de esta revisión se elaboraron dos categorías representativas del encuentro entre Jung y Moreno: ritual y mitopoesis. El símbolo se propone como concepto central para un encuentro entre psicodrama y psicología analítica llevado a cabo en la experiencia fenomenológica.

El duelo en cuestión / The mourning revisited: a critical revision

El trabajo expone los resultados de la primera etapa del proyecto de investigación titulado "El estatuto del duelo en la clínica actual" cuyo objetivo general es indagar la incidencia de la época en los procesos de duelo. Las situaciones de pérdida suelen desencadenar lo que se conoce como estados de duelo. Este proceso se encuentra enmarcado por determinados ritos, ceremonias y regulaciones que ofrece la cultura y que ayudan a la elaboración del dolor. ¿Qué vías encuentra hoy el doliente frente a una sociedad que ya no le brinda los tradicionales rituales funerarios? Se realizó una búsqueda, revisión y análisis de la bibliografía relacionada con la problemática. Se han podido identificar cuatro ejes que organizan los desarrollos conceptuales encontrados: una dimensión intrapsíquica, una dimensión sobre los factores que dificultan el duelo, una dimensión vincular y una dimensión sociocultural. En términos generales se observa una considerable reiteración de ideas, conceptos y autores citados. Asimismo se destaca la escasez de nuevos desarrollos basados en la experiencia clínica. Puede pensarse que la subjetividad de nuestra época encuentra, a pesar de sus dificultades, nuevas vías de procesamiento del dolor

This paper exposes partial results of the investigation entitled ¨The statute of the mourning in the current clinic whose general aim is to examine the incidence of the mourning process, actually. The lost situation implies what we acknowledge such as mourning. This process which is being implemented by religious rituals, ceremonies and regulations that different culture offers, helps in the elaboration of the pain. If the Society doesn´t provide funeral rites, instead, which way we think that the grieving person could find? We search and make a revision from the bibliography related with this problematic. It could be able to identify four main axes which developer the concepts that we found: an intrapsychic dimension, a dimension about the factors that difficult the mourning, a vincular dimension and a sociocultural dimension. In general terms we notice the same ideas and concepts from the different authors. We emphasize the absence of new development bases on the clinical experience. It could think that subjectivity of this times, finds in spite of difficulties, new ways of processing the pain

Evaluación del aprendizaje del tema componentes invariantes del dato científico en la asignatura metodología de la investigación / Assessment of the learning of the topic 'invariant components of scientific data' in research methodology teaching

Resumen Se evaluó el aprendizaje del tema componentes invariantes del dato científico en el examen final de estudiantes que rindieron la asignatura Metodología de la investigación en la carrera de Medicina Veterinaria de la Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Se utilizó un instrumento especialmente diseñado, conformado por un enunciado consistente en un texto que incluye los elementos vinculados con cada uno de los componentes invariantes del dato científico (entidad, propiedad, estado y procedimiento), una consigna de trabajo y una tabla para completar por parte del estudiante como respuesta. De los 57 estudiantes evaluados el 38,6% respondió correctamente. El 26,3% reconoció la entidad y de ellos el 13,3 % también reconoció la propiedad y su valor, pero no el procedimiento y el 86,7% identificó el procedimiento y el estado, pero no la propiedad. En el 35,1% de los casos correspondientes a estudiantes que no identificaron correctamente la entidad, el 35,0 % identificó la propiedad y el 65,0%, sin reconocer ni la entidad ni la propiedad, indicó correctamente el estado y el procedimiento. Estas inconsistencias ponen de manifiesto la atomización del proceso de razonamiento frente al desafío del problema a abordar, a la vez que evidencian un conocimiento frágil.

Abstract Learning evaluation of the topic "invariant components of scientific datum" in a Research methodology course. The learning of the topic invariant components of scientific datum was evaluated in the final exam of students who regularized the subject Methodology of research in the career of Veterinary Medicine of the National University of Rosario. A specially designed instrument was used, consisting of a text that includes the elements linked to each of the invariant components (entity, property, state and procedure), a work slogan and a table to complete by student's responses. Of the 57 students evaluated, 38.6% responded correctly. 26.3% recognized the entity and 13.3% of them also recognized the property and its value, but not the procedure and 86.7% identified the procedure and the state, but not the property. In 35.1% of the students who did not identify correctly the entity, 35.0% identified the property and 65.0%, without recognizing either the entity or the property, correctly indicated the status and the procedure. These inconsistencies show the atomization of the reasoning process in face of the challenge of the problem to be addressed, and at the same time evince the existence of fragile knowledge.

El lumbalú y las mujeres tejedoras de lo espiritual y comunitario / O lumbalú e as mulheres tecelantes do espiritual e comunitário / The lumbalú and the weaving women of the spiritual and community

Resumen Este artículo, de naturaleza teórica, aborda el Lumbalú, una práctica fúnebre de matriz africana en San Basilio de Palenque (Colombia). Se trata de una forma de grupalidad curadora, como potencial terapéutico con el que cuentan algunas comunidades para contener la experiencia emocional; ámbito de estudio en el que se enmarca el presente artículo. El Lumbalú es expresión de la resistencia afrodiaspórica, que conecta con lo sagrado y donde las mujeres son las hiladoras del tejido espiritual y comunitario. Invitamos a las disciplinas psicológicas y a las Ciencias Sociales y Humanas a la apertura epistemológica y descolonial hacia otras formas comunitarias de comprensión de la muerte, en contextos de guerra, violencia política, neoliberalismo y racismo, en Améfrica.

Resumo Este artigo, de natureza teórica, é sobre Lumbalú, uma prática funerária da matriz africana em San Basilio de Palenque (Colômbia). É uma forma de grupalidade curadora, como potencial terapêutico que algumas comunidades têm para conter a experiência emocional; campo de estudo em que este artigo está enquadrado. O Lumbalú é expressão da resistência afrodiaspórica, que se conecta com o sagrado e na qual as mulheres são quem fiam o tecido espiritual e comunitário. Convidamos as disciplinas psicológicas e as Ciências Sociais e Humanas à abertura epistemológica e descolonial em direção a outras formas comunitárias de compreensão da morte, em contextos de guerra, violência política, neoliberalismo e racismo, na Améfrica.

Abstract This article, of a theoretical nature, is about Lumbalú, a funerary practice of African matrix in San Basilio de Palenque (Colombia). It is a form of Curator grupality, as a therapeutic potential that some communities have to contain emotional experience; scope of study in which this article is framed. The Lumbalú is an expression of afro-diasporic resistance, which connects with the sacred and where women are the spinners of the spiritual and community fabric. We invite the psychological disciplines and the Social and Human Sciences to epistemological and decolonial opening towards other community forms of understanding death, in contexts of war, political violence, neoliberalism and racism, in Amefrica.

Investigation and analysis of medical education rituals and its prospects / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To investigate the attitudes and demands of medical students on medical education rituals in the context of the new era, to find out the existing problems, and to provide reference to the innovation and improvement of the rituals.Methods:An online questionnaire was conducted among medical students. SPSS 25.0 was used for descriptive statistical analysis and rank sum test of the data. Qualitative research methods such as in-depth interviews and panel discussions were used to comprehensively analyze the qualitative data.Results:"Post-00s" medical students, who are known as the aborigines of the Internet, are also looking forward to the return of traditional medical education rituals. Compared with junior students, senior students had lower awareness of the importance of rituals and lower willingness to participate in rituals, and the degree of professional identity arousal by the rituals was also lower ( P<0.05). Certain medical students indicated that they had never participated in medical education rituals, and some indicated that their specialties were not valued in the rituals. Conclusion:Medical education in the new era should revive traditional rituals and be adjusted to the changes in the background of the times and the characteristics of the student groups. The current ritual education fails to meet the needs of medical students at different stages, and its systematicness and continuity should be strengthened. The coverage of medical education rituals for medical students is incomprehensive and uneven, and it is necessary to further expand the coverage and appropriateness of rituals in medical-related specialties and fully consider the characteristics of each specialty in medical students.

Dermatoses due to Arabic cultural and traditional practices

A number of social and cultural practices are prevalent in the Middle-East celebrating various occasions or to treat health conditions. These often result in dermatoses that are unfamiliar and confusing to dermatologists outside this region. This paper reviews skin manifestations emanating from traditional and ritual practices in Arab countries, particularly those from Saudi Arabia.

Ayahuasca en el tratamiento de adicciones: Estudio de cuatro casos tratados en IDEAA, desde una perspectiva interdisciplinaria / Ayahuasca in the treatment of addictions: Study of four cases treated in IDEAA, using an interdisciplinary perspective

La ayahuasca es una sustancia psicoactiva de origen amazónico, usada tradicionalmente con fines espirituales, médicos y religiosos. En la década de los ‘90 adquiere gran popularidad, tanto a través de las redes internacionales de espiritualidad y religiosidad, como en el denominado renacimiento de los estudios psicodélicos, donde se retoma la investigación y experimentación sobre los posibles usos clínicos de estas sustancias. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo la descripción y análisis de los procesos de cura de cuatro casos de adicciones tratados en el Instituto de Etnopsicología Amazónica Aplicada (IDEAA), un centro dedicado al tratamiento de adicciones, con pacientes españoles llevados al Amazonas de Brasil. El procedimiento ha implicado una metodología cualitativa del tipo biográfica, bajo una mirada interdisciplinaria que integra enfoques cognitivos y culturales. En los resultados, se describen el proceso de intervención utilizado en el centro y las narrativas biográficas de los casos estudiados. Se realiza una descripción de los distintos tipos de experiencias recurrentes durante los rituales de ayahuasca: revisiones biográficas, insights psicológicos, experiencias emocionales y/o trascendentales. Se analiza la importancia de la memoria de la experiencia, en tanto disparadora de nuevas reconfiguraciones en las narrativas biográficas de los sujetos, mostrándose la centralidad de dicha dinámica en el proceso terapéutico. Se analizan otros mecanismos específicos interviniendo en el proceso de cura de cada caso: psicosomáticos, simbólicos, de cognición social y psiconeuroinmunológicos. Se concluye sobre la relevancia terapéutica del contexto ritual, social y cultural, así como de las estrategias de integración de la memoria de la experiencia en las narrativas biográficas de los sujetos.

Ayahuasca is an Amazon psychoactive compound traditionally used for spiritual, religious, and medical purposes. In the 1990s the brew gains popularity, both through the transnational networks of religiosity/spirituality and the renaissance of psychedelic studies, where these kinds of substances are investigated for its possible clinical applications. The goal of the current article is to describe and analyze the therapeutic process of four cases from IDEAA, a center located in the Brazilian Amazon forest, dedicated to the treatment of addicts taken from Spain. An interdisciplinary perspective is proposed, combining cognitive and cultural insights from different fields (medical anthropology, cognitive science of religion, psychoneuroimmunology, qualitative sociology, cultural psychology). Ritual of ayahuasca will be considered as a way of producing a variety of experiences, and the memories of these experiences as ways of producing new biographic narratives. Biographic narratives are considered as a higher mental competence that includes functions related to self-knowledge, episodic memory, reflexivity, and psychosocial homeostasis. Under the appropriate set & setting, this process of narrative reconstruction helps the individual to cope with difficult situations, including addictions. The procedure used in this research consisted in a qualitative biographic methodology. The four cases described were treated in the period between 2000 and 2007. They started as poly drug users in the 1980s, at the end of the dictatorship period, when heroin made its entrance to Spain. The results describe the process of intervention used in the center, and the biographic narratives of each case. Most common types of experiences are mentioned: biographical revisions, psychological insights, emotional and transcendental experiences. Specific therapeutic mechanisms are also described. In the first case, a psychosomatic style of expression, where the subject describes strong embodied experiences of suffering his illnesses, and embodied expressions of coping with them. In the second case, a therapeutic process that includes the recognition of the former biographic narrative as a “lie”, and a symbolic way of producing new narratives of the self that spins around the presence of the jaguar. This animal acted as symbolic figure that triggered different meanings, useful for there covery of the patient. The third case is a subject who was involved in drug traffic, robberies, and violent activities. Experiences related to social cognition (e.g. empathy, shame, self-forgiveness) played a major role in his therapeutic process. Last, the narrative of a woman addicted to heroin is analyzed. Biographical remembrances and self-forgiveness played an importantrole, but also her symbolic experiences with the proximity of death, related to her medical conditions (addiction to heroin, hepatitis C, HIV). The case is also a good example of how the treatment had a positive psychoneuroimmunology impact in the HIV viral load of the patient. As we will analyze, the effect cannot be explained by ayahuasca itself (in fact, the scientific literature suggest a negative or neutral impact), but by the therapeutic strategy as a whole, with its various components. The article concludes addressing the importance of the “memory of the experience” of the ritual as catalyzer of new meanings in the biographic narratives of the patients. The new narratives can be considered assystem for self-regulation in the different, psychological, social, and cultural levels. Besides, it can also triggers different top-down psychoneuroimmunology and psychosomatic effects. The production of new narratives is related to what is usually called “integration”, and involves different psychological, social and cultural elements that are of great importance for a positive or negative therapeutic outcome.

El objeto del deseo en el ritual judicial: entre el discurso eficientista y el debido proceso / The object of desire in judicial ritual: between efficient speech and due process / O objeto do desejo no ritual judicial: entre a fala da eficiência e o devido processo

RESUMEN En 2016, dos abogados demandaron ante la Corte Constitucional la Ley que reformó el proceso judicial laboral al remplazar las tradicionales formas escritas por nuevas prácticas orales. Consideraban que esta reforma imponía "una rigurosa limitación de tiempo" a diferentes etapas del proceso, vulnerando así derechos fundamentales como el debido proceso y el acceso a la administración de justicia. Si bien la Corte resolvió declararla constitucional, las críticas por parte de jueces y abogados a las nuevas dinámicas procesales continúan. En este artículo analizo dicha problemática resignificando el proceso judicial al estudiarlo, más que como un esquema técnico-normativo, como un ritual ceremonial que expresa rasgos relevantes tanto de la cultura que lo concibe como de aquella que lo práctica. Para ello, realizo un análisis comparado de los símbolos que se protegen y aprecian en ambos esquemas procesales (escrito y oral), a la luz de la operacionalización que del concepto Tótem, del psicoanálisis Freudiano, realiza el jurista Daniel Marrani. A partir de estos referentes, analizo las entrevistas y datos obtenidos en el campo para finalmente exponer como los símbolos de ambas culturas se sincretizan en las prácticas y creencias cotidianas de jueces y abogados, dando lugar a diversas perspectivas sobre los aspectos fundamentales del proceso y, por tanto, a diversos rituales judiciales al interior del mismo Palacio de Justicia.

ABSTRACT In 2016, two lawyers sued before the Constitutional Court the law that reformed the labor judicial process, replacing the traditional written forms by new oral practices. They considered that this reform imposed "a strict time limitation" on different stages of the process, violating fundamental rights such as due process and to access the administration of justice. Although the Court decided to declare it constitutional, the criticisms by the judges and lawyers of the new procedural dynamics continue. In this article I analyze the problem resignifying the judicial process to study it, more than the normative technical scheme, as a ceremonial ritual that expresses the relevant features of the legal culture that conceives it and that practices it. For this, I perform a comparative analysis of the symbols that are protected and appreciated in both procedural schemes (written and oral) in light of the operationalization of Totem, Freudian psychoanalysis concept, carried out by the jurist Daniel Marrani. From these referents, I analyze the interviews and data obtained in the field to finally expose how the symbols of both cultures are syncretized in the daily practices and beliefs of judges and lawyers, giving rise to diverse perspectives of the fundamental aspects of the process and, therefore, to various judicial rituals within the Palace of Justice itself

RESUMO Em 2016, dois advogados processaram perante a Corte Constitucional a Lei que reformulou o processo judicial trabalhista, substituindo as formas tradicionais escritas por novas práticas orais. Eles consideraram que essa reforma impôs "uma rígida limitação de tempo" em diferentes estágios do processo, violando assim direitos fundamentais como o devido processo e o acesso à administração da justiça. Embora a Corte tenha decidido declará-lo constitucional, as críticas de juizes e advogados da nova dinâmica processual continuam. Neste artigo, analiso esse problema ressignificando o processo judicial ao estudá-lo, e não como um esquema técnico-normativo, como um ritual cerimonial que expressa características relevantes da cultura que a concebe e da prática. Para tanto, realizo uma análise comparativa dos símbolos que são protegidos e apreciados em ambos os esquemas processuais (escritos e orais), à luz da operacionalização do conceito de Totem da psicanálise freudiana, realizado pelo jurista Daniel Marrani. A partir desses referenciais, analiso as entrevistas e dados obtidos em campo para, finalmente, expor como os símbolos de ambas as culturas são sincretizados nas práticas e crenças cotidianas de juízes e advogados, dando origem a diversas perspectivas sobre os aspectos fundamentais do processo e, portanto, a vários rituais judiciais dentro do próprio Palácio da Justiça

Rituais Fúnebres no Processo do Luto: Significados e Funções / Funeral Rituals in The Process of Mourning: Meaning and Functions

RESUMO Os estudos acerca dos rituais humanos têm mostrado que as mudanças ao longo da vida, incluindo a morte de entes queridos, precisam ser marcadas, pontuadas, de forma que estes acontecimentos recebam a consideração necessária. Neste estudo, são abordados os significados e funções dos rituais fúnebres como benignos para a elaboração da perda por morte de uma pessoa significativa. Sustenta-se que o caráter expressivo dos rituais possibilita descrever o que não se consegue expressar em palavras, estimulando o trabalho de luto e desempenhando importante função de maturação social e psicológica diante da perda. Possibilita também a contextualização da experiência da perda, oferecendo à família enlutada o suporte de pertencer a uma cultura e a uma compreensão compartilhada sobre a morte.

ABSTRACT The studies about human rituals have shown that changes throughout life, including the death of loved ones, need to be marked, receiving the necessary consideration. In this study, the meanings and the functions of funeral rituals are approached as resources for the elaboration of the death of a significant person. It is sustained that the expressive character of the rituals allows to describe what we can not express in words, stimulating the work of mourning and exerting an important role to the social and psychological maturity at the loss. It also allows the contextualization the loss experience, while offering to the bereaved family the support to be part of the culture and a shared understanding of death.

Origin of medicinal Cannabis sativa and its early spread / 中草药

As the most widely used narcotics in the world, Cannabis sativa is also regarded as one of the earliest drugs that used by humans. Exploring the origin and early dissemination of C. sativa as medicine can shed light on the safe and effective usages of marijuana-derived drugs and the scientific development of the new medicinal value of C. sativa, which are of important social and ethical significances. Bencao archaeology and herbal textual research are dual evidence for herbalism studies. By integrating the evidence from archaeological remains and references of the early civilizations of the world, this study revealed the medicinal origin of C. sativa and its early expansion, and then in the context of the human cultural background, explored the factors driving the original spread of C. sativa as a medicine in Eurasia. The results showed that the medicinal origin of C. sativa was likely rooted in the original utilization of its psychoactive substance by ancient humans in traditional rituals, by inhaling the smoke from the burning of the psychoactive substance of C. sativa, which was likely to be the original mode of the use of C. sativa as a medicine. Also, based on the existing archaeological remains, the Yamnaya populations from early East Europe (3000 BC) were supposed to be the earliest human beings employing C. sativa for medical purposes. After originating from East Europe, medicinal C. sativa probably dispersed into the West Asia and Central Asia. Afterwards, it has spread into South Asia southward and into North Asia and East Asia northward with the Central Asia as the diffusion center. Indo-European populations were supposed to be the main human beings using the psychoactive substance of C. sativa, and there was a high degree of similarity between the routes of the expansion of the Indo-European language family and the course of early spread of C. sativa. In terms of the above two understandings, we suggested that the dispersal of the Indo-European populations probably have driven the early spread of C. sativa as medicine across Eurasia.

Advantages and Paths of Integrating School History Resources into Medical Ethics Education / 中国医学伦理学

In the new era, innovating medical ethics education and cultivating high-quality medical talents with noble medical ethics, excellent medical skills and both virtues and skills are important topics worthy of study. School history resources are rich in medical ethics ideological nutrients, containing the demonstration effect of medical ethics, strengthening the emotional cultivation of medical ethics, stimulating the establishment of medical ethics beliefs. Therefore, it is suggested that we should continue to tap school history resources, save the source of medical ethics education, organize school history resources and integrate them into the development of medical ethics education platform, and coordinate school history resources to promote the normal development of medical ethics education.

Prática da vela: a questão dos ritos e riscos / Practice of sailing: the question of rites and risks / Práctica de vela: una cuestión de los ritos y riesgos

O estudo objetivou compreender o significado do rito na dimensão simbólica da prática da vela. A pesquisa etnográfica multisituada teve a participação de 19 velejadores da cidade de João Pessoa (Paraíba­Brasil), que foram entrevistados e observados antes, durante e após o velejo. Os resultados revelaram que os ritos na prática da vela consistem em três fases: i) passagem da terra para o mar, que caracteriza o afastamento da estrutura social; ii) fase limiar, a ação de velejar, que alcança o estado de comunhão; iii) passagem do mar para a terra, o reingresso à estrutura social, com a sensação de novo status. Conclui-se que os ritos na prática da vela colaboram para o velejador perceber a ressignificação da sua existência no mundo.

The study aimed to understand the meaning of the rite in the symbolic dimension of the practice of sailing. The research, multi-sited and ethnographic, was attended by 19 sailors from João Pessoa (Paraíba, Brazi)l, who were interviewed and observed before, during and after sailing. The results revealed that the rites in the sailing practice consist in three phases: i) transition from land to sea, which features the detachment of the social structure, ii) threshold phase, the action of sailing reaching the state of communion, iii) transition from sea to land, reentering in the social structure with a new sense of status. It was concluded that the sailing rites collaborate in order to make the sailor realize the new meaning of his existence in the world.

El estudio tuvo como objetivo comprender el significado del rito en la dimensión simbólica de la práctica de la vela. La investigación etnográfica multisituada, tuve participación de 19 practicantes de vela de la ciudad de João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brasil, donde fueran entrevistados y observados antes, durante y después de navegar. Los resultados revelaron que los ritos en la práctica de vela se consiste de tres fases: i) la transición de la tierra para el mar, que caracteriza el apartado de la estructura social; ii) fase inicial, la acción de practicar la vela, que alcanza el estado de comunión; iii) pasaje del mar para la tierra, el reingreso en la estructura social, con la sensación de nuevo status. Se concluye que los ritos en la práctica de vela colaboran para que el practicante vela percebe el resignificado de su existencia en el mundo.

O jaguar como signo de vida e morte / Jaguar as a sign of life and death / El jaguar como signo de vida y muerte

Há uma associação direta, em diferentes contextos socioculturais, entre o jaguar (ou onça-pintada) e a energia transformadora ligada aos ciclos da vida. Aspectos afetivos, cognitivos e simbólicos do felino articulam-se a configurações indígenas da vida e da morte, assim como ao ciclo das chuvas e à fertilidade. O pensamento conservacionista moderno, quando abordado nos termos de uma mi-toprática, pode revelar associações semelhantes. Com base nessa premissa, este artigo explora diferentes configurações possíveis de vida e morte. A referência são os processos intrinsecamente relacionados da extinção de espécies animais e da extinção de povos e culturas, a partir dos quais procuro refletir sobre a possibilidade de uma mitologia comparada envolvendo sistemas cosmológicos distintos.

In different social and cultural contexts, there is a direct association between the jaguar and the transformative energy associated with life cycles. Affective, cognitive, and symbolic features of felines relate to indigenous configurations of life and death, as well as with fertility and cycles of rain. The modern conservative thinking may reveal similar associations as we deal with terms of mythical practice. The paper starts from this premise in order to explore different and possible configurations of life and death. We use as reference the intrinsically related processes of the extinction of animal species and the extinction of peoples and cultures. These processes are the starting point for our reflections on the possibility of a comparative mythology that involves distinct cosmologic systems.

Existe una asociación directa, en diferentes contextos socioculturales, entre el jaguar y la energía transformadora relacionada con los ciclos de la vida. Aspectos afectivos, cognitivos y simbólicos del felino se articulan a configuraciones indígenas de la vida y la muerte, así como a los ciclos de las lluvias y a la fertilidad. El pensamiento conservacionista moderno, cuando se aborda en términos de mito-práctica, puede revelar asociaciones semejantes. Partiendo de esta premisa, este artículo explora las diferentes configuraciones posibles de vida y muerte. La referencia son los procesos intrínsecamente relacionados con la extinción de las especies animales y la extinción de pueblos y culturas, a partir de los cuales reflexiono sobre la posibilidad de una mitología comparada, vinculando sistemas cosmológicos distintos.

Il y a une association directe dans différents contextes socioculturels entre le jaguar (ou "onça pintada" en portugais) et l'énergie transformatrice liée aux cycles de vie. Des aspects affectifs, cognitifs et symboliques de ce félin s'articulent à des configurations indigènes de la vie et de la mort, ainsi qu'aux cycles des pluies et à la fertilité. La pensée conservatrice moderne, lorsqu'elle est abordé dans les termes d'une pratique des mythes, peut révéler des associations semblables. En partant de cette prémisse, cet article explore différentes configurations possibles de vie et de mort. La référence se trouve chez les processus intrinsèquement relationnés, liés à l'extinction d'espèces animales et de l'extinction de peuples et de cultures, à partir desquels je cherche à réfléchir sur la possibilité d'une mythologie comparée concernant des systèmes cosmologiques distinctes.

A capoeira no Rio de Janeiro: uma investigação do universo simbólico no discurso dos mestres / Capoeira in Rio de Janeiro: a universe of research in symbolic speech of masters / La capoeira en Río de Janeiro: un universo de la investigación en discurso simbólico de masters

O artigo busca visitar o universo da capoeira e suas relações com aspectos simbólicos que, ao longo dos tempos, ajudaram a construir os discursos dos capoeiristas da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, a fim de desvelar algumas possíveis tramas simbólicas. Para atingir o objetivo, foi realizada uma pesquisa do tipo qualitativa de cunho bibliográfico por meio de entrevistas com mestres de capoeira com mais de 30 anos de mestrado. Os resultados possibilitam perceber que o berimbau aparece como catalisador do universo simbólico dos capoeiristas. Portanto, perpassa seus símbolos, mitos e sua religiosidade.

The article seeks to visit the world of capoeira and its relations with symbolic aspects that, over time, helped build the speeches of the capoeiristas of the city of Rio de Janeiro in order to reveal some possible symbolic plots. To achieve the goal, one qualitative study of bibliographic nature through interviews with capoeira masters with over 30 years of Masters was held. The results make it possible to realize that the berimbau appears as a catalyst for the capoeiristas symbolic universe. So runs through its symbols, myths and their religion

El artículo trata de visitar el mundo de la capoeira y sus relaciones con los aspectos simbólicos que, con el tiempo, ayudaron a construir los discursos de los capoeiristas de la ciudad de Río de Janeiro con el fin de revelar algunos posibles tramas simbólicas. Para lograr el objetivo, se llevó a cabo un estudio cualitativo de carácter bibliográfico a través de entrevistas con los maestros de capoeira con más de 30 años de Maestros. Los resultados permiten darse cuenta de que el berimbau aparece como un catalizador para los capoeiristas universo simbólico. Así que corre a través de sus símbolos, mitos y su religión.

El proceso terapéutico en la medicina tradicional mexicana. Algunas claves para su interpretación / The therapeutic process in traditional Mexican medicine. Some keys for its interpretation

Este ensayo aborda el papel que juega el proceso terapéutico en la medicina tradicional mexicana en tanto acto performativo cuya actividad discursiva, parafernalia y práctica corporal concreta contribuye a resituar un determinado drama social mediante acciones sociales correctivas ritualizadas y narrativizadas en un contexto sagrado, lo que mantiene su eficacia para dar forma y sentido a los episodios de una enfermedad. A través de este performance ritual se activan una serie de acciones técnicas, expresivas y simbólicas cuyos códigos, socialmente compartidos, operan como gramática organizadora de reconstitución del mundo.

Ritual of violence in physical education classes / A violência ritual nas aulas de educação física

ABSTRACT From the narrative of the violent interaction between a physical education teacher and his students, the authors analyze its symbolic meaning and organizing power. This violent interaction is seen as ritual and as a theater which reintroduces the violence that the cultural climate, teaching formulations and legal attempt try to exclude from the universe of school and, more broadly, from the education of children and adolescents.

RESUMO A partir da narrativa da interação violenta entre um professor de educação física e seus alunos, os autores analisam seus significados simbólicos e seu poder organizativo. A interação violenta é vista como ritual e como teatro que reintroduz a violência que o clima cultural, as formulações pedagógicas e os dispositivos legais tentam excluir do universo da escola e, de forma mais ampla, da educação de crianças e adolescentes.

A ritualização da vida e a expansão das culturas psi na Colômbia: o local e o apenas transnacional / The ritualization of life and the expansion of psy cultures in Colombia: the local and the barely transnational

Resumo O ensaio apresenta a situação atual das culturas psi na Colômbia. Demonstrase como o sistema de saúde oficial do país fez da psiquiatria biomédica e da psicologia cognitivo-comportamental a cultura psi dominante e hegemônica. No entanto, longe de serem hegemônicas, como apresentadas, essa dupla estimula e sustenta a existência de diversos sistemas e práticas terapêuticas "religiosas" ou "sagradas" que desnaturalizam o sofrimento humano existencial e psicológico. Em geral são práticas rituais com forte conteúdo espiritualista, antimaterialista e antimonista, que abordam livremente um conjunto diverso de cosmologias, crenças e símbolos, incluindo até noções e práticas de origem biomédica. O resultado é uma hiper-ritualização da vida cotidiana no país.

Abstract This paper exposes the status of psy cultures in Colombia. It is shown how the country's official health system has transformed biomedical psychiatry and cognitive behavioral psychology into the dominant and hegemonic psy culture. However, far from being hegemonic, as presented, both serve to foster and sustain the existence of different "religious" or "sacred" therapeutic systems and practices that denaturalize human existential and psychological suffering. In general, the latter are ritual practices with a strong spiritualist, anti-materialist and antimonist content, that deal freely with a wide range of cosmologies, beliefs and symbols, even including the same concepts and practices of a biomedical origin. The result is a hyper-ritualization of daily life in the country.

Exploration on the Effect of Ritual-music Culture on the Construction of Harmonious Doctor-patient Relationship / 中国医学伦理学

This paper firstly expounded the origin of the ritual-music culture.Then it explored the nature of the ritual-music culture which respects the laws of nature,bases on the position,sticks to the rules,exerts subjective initiative,fulfillseach duty,promotes harmony,unifies objectivity and subjectivity,complements each other and pursuits civilization.Analysis of the ritual-music culture provided inner value pursuit,conscientious code of conduct and healthy mental attitude for the construction of a harmonious doctor-patient relationship,which is of great theoretical and practical significance to handle the doctor-patient relationship properly.

The Custom in Huangdi Neijing / 浙江中医药大学学报

[Objective] The custom in Huangdi Neijing has been discussed in order to inspire the health prevention for modern people. [Method] Using traditional philological research methods, through studying the relevant literature carefully, having combined with the related historical research achievements of the life in Qin and Han Dynasties, the influence of customs on people's way of living in Huangdi Neijing has been summarized. [Results] Huangdi Neijing has been as a medical classic, having recorded many contents including the ancient philosophy, science and technology etc. Many of them have reflected the contents of the social customs at that time, concluding the diet, beliefs, rituals and etiquette. And it refers to some historical records at the time in order to pry into the custom during the period of Huangdi Neijing. [Conclusion]The research of customs in Huangdi Neijing has discussed to help avoid the bad customs to restore the normal living habits in order to achieve the purpose of health and disease prevention.